【注解】:
1、明:表明。
2、枫林青:指李白所在;
3、关塞黑:指杜甫所居秦陇地带。
4、落月两句:写梦醒后的幻觉。看到月色,想到梦境,李白容貌在月光下似乎隐约
可见。
【评析】:?
天宝三年(744),李杜初会于洛阳,即成为深交。乾元元年(758),李白因参
加永王李的幕府而受牵连,被流放夜郎,二年春至巫山遇赦。杜甫只知李白流放,
不知赦还。这两首记梦诗是杜甫听到李白流放夜郎后,积思成梦而作。
诗以梦前,梦中,梦后的次序叙写。
第一首倾注着对李白安危的关心,第二首侧重在嗟叹李白一生的不幸。因为怀念太深,老朋友便时常走入梦里来了。梦中的情景,比写实更诚挚动人。也让我们感到诗人是李白最知心的朋友,感叹当时的社会对李白是多么的不公。
SEEING Li Bai IN A DREAM I
There are sobs when death is the cause of parting;
But life has its partings again and again.
...From the poisonous damps of the southern river
You had sent me not one sign from your exile --
Till you came to me last night in a dream,
Because I am always thinking of you.
I wondered if it were really you,
Venturing so long a journey.
You came to me through the green of a forest,
You disappeared by a shadowy fortress....
Yet out of the midmost mesh of your snare,
How could you lift your wings and use them?
...I woke, and the low moon's glimmer on a rafter
Seemed to be your face, still floating in the air.
...There were waters to cross, they were wild and tossing;
If you fell, there were dragons and rivermonsters.
SEEING Li Bai IN A DREAM II
This cloud, that has drifted all day through the sky,
May, like a wanderer, never come back....
Three nights now I have dreamed of you --
As tender, intimate and real as though I were awake.
And then, abruptly rising to go,
You told me the perils of adventure
By river and lake-the storms, the wrecks,
The fears that are borne on a little boat;
And, here in my doorway, you rubbed your white head
As if there were something puzzling you.
...Our capital teems with officious people,
While you are alone and helpless and poor.
Who says that the heavenly net never fails?
It has brought you ill fortune, old as you are.
...A thousand years' fame, ten thousand years' fame-
What good, when you are dead and gone.
乾元元年(758)李白流放夜郎(治所在今贵州正安西北),二年春行至巫山遇赦,回到江陵。杜甫远在北方,只闻李白流放,不知已被赦还,忧思拳拳,久而成梦。
这两首记梦诗,分别按梦前、梦中、梦后叙写,依清人仇兆鳌说,两篇都以四、六、六行分层,所谓“一头两脚体”。(见《杜少陵集详注》卷七。本篇文字亦依仇本。)上篇写初次梦见李白时的心理,表现对故人吉凶生死的关切;下篇写梦中所见李白的形象,抒写对故人悲惨遭遇的同情。
“死别已吞声,生别常恻恻。”诗要写梦,先言别;未言别,先说死,以死别衬托生别,极写李白流放绝域、久无音讯在诗人心中造成的苦痛。开头便如阴风骤起,吹来一片弥漫全诗的悲怆气氛。
“故人入我梦,明我长相忆。”不说梦见故人,而说故人入梦;而故人所以入梦,又是有感于诗人的长久思念,写出李白幻影在梦中倏忽而现的情景,也表现了诗人乍见故人的喜悦和欣慰。但这欣喜只不过一刹那,转念之间便觉不对了:“君今在罗网,何以有羽翼?”你既累系于江南瘴疠之乡,怎么就能插翅飞出罗网,千里迢迢来到我身边呢?联想世间关于李白下落的种种不祥的传闻,诗人不禁暗暗思忖:莫非他真的死了?眼前的他是生魂还是死魂?路远难测啊!乍见而喜,转念而疑,继而生出深深的忧虑和恐惧,诗人对自己梦幻心理的刻画,是十分细腻逼真的。
“魂来枫林青,魂返关塞黑。”梦归魂去,诗人依然思量不已:故人魂魄,星夜从江南而来,又星夜自秦州而返,来时要飞越南方青郁郁的千里枫林,归去要渡过秦陇黑沉沉的万丈关塞,多么遥远,多么艰辛,而且是孤零零的一个。“落月满屋梁,犹疑照颜色。”在满屋明晃晃的月光里面,诗人忽又觉得李白那憔悴的容颜依稀尚在,凝神细辨,才知是一种朦胧的错觉。相到故人魂魄一路归去,夜又深,路又远,江湖之间,风涛险恶,诗人内心祝告着、叮咛着:“水深波浪阔,无使蛟龙得。”这惊骇可怖的景象,正好是李白险恶处境的象征;这惴惴不安的祈祷,体现着诗人对故人命运的殷忧。这里,用了两处有关屈原的典故。“魂来枫林青”,出自《楚辞·招魂》:“湛湛江水兮上有枫,目极千里兮伤春心,魂兮归来哀江南!”旧说系宋玉为招屈原之魂而作。“蛟龙”一语见于梁吴均《续齐谐记》:东汉初年,有人在长沙见到一个自称屈原的人,听他说:“吾尝见祭甚盛,然为蛟龙所苦。”通过用典将李白与屈原联系起来,不但突出了李白命运的悲剧色彩,而且表示着杜甫对李白的称许和崇敬。
上篇所写是诗人初次梦见李白的情景,此后数夜,又连续出现类似的梦境,于是诗人又有下篇的咏叹。
“浮云终日行,游子久不至。”见浮云而念游子,是诗家比兴常例,李白也有“浮云游子意,落日故人情”(《送友人》)的诗句。天上浮云终日飘去飘来,天涯故人却久望不至;所幸李白一往情深,魂魄频频前来探访,使诗人得以聊释愁怀。“三夜频梦君,情亲见君意”,与上篇“故人入我梦,明我长相忆”互相照应,体现着两人形离神合、肝胆相照的情谊。其实,我见君意也好,君明我忆也好,都是诗人推己及人,抒写自己对故人的一片衷情。
“告归”以下六句选取梦中魂返前的片刻,描述李白的幻影:每当分手的时候,李白总是匆促不安地苦苦诉说:“来一趟好不容易啊,江湖上风波迭起,我真怕会沉船呢!”看他走出门去用手搔着头上白发的背影,分明是在为自己壮志不遂而怅恨。“告归常局促,苦道来不易”写神态;“江湖多风波,舟楫恐失坠”是独白;“出门搔白首,若负平生志”,通过动作、外貌揭示心理。寥寥三十字,从各个侧面刻画李白形象,其形可见,其声可闻,其情可感,枯槁惨淡之状,如在目前。“江湖”二句,意同上篇“水深波浪阔,无使蛟龙得”,双关着李白魂魄来去的艰险和他现实处境的恶劣;“出门”二句则抒发了诗人“惺惺惜惺惺”的感慨。
梦中李白的幻影,给诗人的触动太强太深了,每次醒来,总是愈思愈愤懑,愈想愈不平,终于发为如下的浩叹:“冠盖满京华,斯人独憔悴!孰云网恢恢?将老身反累!”高冠华盖的权贵充斥长安,唯独这样一个了不起的人物,献身无路,困顿不堪,临近晚年更被囚系放逐,连自由也失掉了,还有什么“天网恢恢”之可言!生前遭遇如此,纵使身后名垂万古,人已寂寞无知,夫复何用!“千秋万岁名,寂寞身后事。”在这沉重的嗟叹之中,寄托着对李白的崇高评价和深厚同情,也包含着诗人自己的无限心事。所以,清人浦起龙说:“次章纯是迁谪之慨。为我耶?为彼耶?同声一哭!”(《读杜心解》)
《梦李白二首》,上篇以“死别”发端,下篇以“身后”作结,形成一个首尾完整的结构;两篇之间,又处处关联呼应,“逐客无消息”与“游子久不至”,“明我长相忆”与“情亲见君意”,“君今在罗网”与“孰云网恢恢”,“水深波浪阔,无使蛟龙得”与“江湖多风波,舟楫恐失坠”等等,都是维系其间的纽带。但两首诗的内容和意境却颇不相同:从写“梦”来说,上篇初梦,下篇频梦;上篇写疑幻疑真的心理,下篇写清晰真切的形象。从李白来说,上篇写对他当前处境的关注,下篇写对他生平遭际的同情;上篇的忧惧之情专为李白而发,下篇的不平之气兼含着诗人自身的感慨。总之,两首记梦诗是分工而又合作,相关而不雷同,全为至诚至真之文字。
(赵庆培)
唐诗三百首,全唐诗:卷218_10